新冠疫苗正悄悄影响内分泌系统?研究指出甲状腺、肾上腺均可能受影响(图)
自2019年12月新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)爆发以来,确诊病例和死亡病例的数量迅速增加[1]。COVID-19的全球传播对全世界的医疗系统构成了重大挑战, 导致了前所未有的医疗、经济和社会危机[2]。COVID-19最初被定义为由严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引起的潜在的严重呼吸系统综合症[3]。随着对这种新型呼吸道冠状病毒的深入了解,其范围已经超出了呼吸系统[4]。
研究表明,垂体、甲状腺、胰腺、肾上腺和性腺都可以受到病毒的影响,因为它们都表达血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)受体,该受体有利于SARS-CoV-2的附着,从而诱发细胞损伤[5-9]。内分泌系统参与COVID-19是如此相关,以至于COVID-19的"内分泌表型"逐渐获得临床关注[10-12],包括垂体麻痹症、甲状腺功能障碍、高血糖和糖尿病。肾上腺功能不全到性腺功能减退[13]。COVID-19感染导致内分泌器官受损,同样地,COVID-19疫苗接种也会诱发内分泌功能障碍。在本综述中,我们总结了COVID-19疫苗对内分泌系统的影响,并探讨其潜在的致病机制。
Covid-19疫苗的类型
针对COVID-19的多种疫苗已经被开发出来,其有效性和安全性各不相同。在表1中,我们总结了世界卫生组织批准和建议的疫苗的数据。SARS-CoV-2mRNA疫苗含有核苷调制的mRNA,编码病毒的刺突蛋白(s蛋白),诱导宿主细胞构建刺突蛋白,引起积极的免疫反应[14]。
基于mRNA的疫苗被包裹在脂质纳米颗粒中,将编码病毒蛋白的mRNA运送到宿主细胞的细胞膜上,并可能包括非活性成分,如佐剂或盐。基于腺病毒的SARS-CoV-2疫苗被设计成可以侵入细胞但不复制,并携带有全长的SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白[15, 16]。Ad5, Ad26,和ChAdOx1作为DNA指令的传递载体,在体内产生S蛋白。灭活疫苗是在Vero细胞中分离SARS-CoV-2病毒感染后收获的。它已被β-丙内酯化学灭活,并配以明矾佐剂。然后将氢氧化铝复合物稀释在钠盐中。在给药前使用氯化物、无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水和水[17,18]。
根据美国疾病控制和预防中心的疫苗不良事件报告系统(www.cdc.gov),截至2022年3月28日,SARS- CoV-2疫苗的接种量已超过5.5亿剂次。少数接受者(超过0.0042%)经历了严重的不良事件,包括严重的过敏性休克、血栓性事件和血栓性阴茎、吉兰巴雷综合症、心肌炎,甚至死亡。
目前,文献中报道的SARS-Cov-2疫苗接种后的内分泌功能紊乱主要涉及甲状腺、胰岛、垂体和肾上腺(表2)。在甲状腺方面,最常见的疾病是亚急性甲状腺炎(SAT),有超过100例病例的报道。
颈部疼痛和肿胀等症状的出现在接种疫苗后的4至21天之间。临床化验结果和细胞学检查结果都发现这些症状与亚急性甲状腺炎有关[19-21]。接种疫苗后,SAT通常是一个温和的、自限性的过程,恢复时间可能比病毒感染后的病例(未接种疫苗的感染病例)要短,这个恢复过程只需要对症处理。
至于自身免疫性甲状腺疾病,已经有多例新诊断的或复发的格雷夫斯病(中文学名是:毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿,一种自身免疫病)的报道,临床表现为甲状腺功能亢进,甲状腺激素水平升高,促甲状腺激素受抑制,抗甲状腺抗体升高[24,25]。甲状腺超声检查显示肿大和血管过多。也可以遇到SAT病和格雷夫斯病同时发生的情况[26]。
此外,也有报道称腺病毒疫苗接种后出现无痛性甲状腺炎的病例[27]。体检未发现异常,甲状腺激素升高,促甲状腺激素受抑制。甲状腺闪烁术显示出摄取量减少,甲状腺超声显示甲状腺有弥漫性低回声,且血液流动减少。
1型糖尿病患者的血糖监测和2型糖尿病患者的自我血糖监测显示,COVID-19疫苗接种后的高血糖加剧的情况,主要发生在接种后1周内。一般在增加抗糖尿病药物剂量或不干预的情况下,几天内就会稳定下来[28, 29]。
然而,严重的高血糖急症,包括“糖尿病酮症酸中毒”和“高渗性高血糖综合症”,也可能是由COVID-19疫苗的接种而引发[30-32]。这些患者在接种疫苗后的一周内,表现出亚急性发作渗透性症状,有“2型糖尿病”或糖尿病前期病史,或在住院期间新诊断为“2型糖尿病”。所有患者都在3-5周内到医院就诊,出院后2个月内口服抗糖尿病药物,仍控制良好。
至于垂体,已经描述了一例与COVID-19免疫有关的垂体功能低下[33]。患者在第二次接种mRNA-1273 SARS CoV-2疫苗3天后出现头痛、恶心、呕吐、乏力和弥漫性关节痛,并继发肾上腺功能不全、中枢性甲状腺功能减退和性腺功能减退的病症。
磁共振成像(MRI)显示垂体弥漫性肿大,与急性干骺端炎一致。患者对糖皮质激素和甲状腺激素的补充反应良好。一个月后,脑垂体的随访MRI显示,该腺体的肿大程度明显减弱,大部分为空壳。血浆睾酮水平恢复正常,无需睾丸激素替代疗法。
此外,与肾上腺有关的疾病也有报道。包括双侧肾上腺出血[34]或原发性肾上腺功能不全[35]。这两个病例是因接受腺病毒载体疫苗后8-10天,疫苗诱发的血栓和血小板减少症。实验室检查显示二聚体大幅增加,血小板计数极度减少,血小板因子4抗体阳性。
至于双侧肾上腺出血,计算机断层扫描腹部显示腹膜后脂肪堆积,肾上腺周围有高密度液体。最终进行了“氢化可的松”和“氟化可的松”的细胞学血浆交换与维持。
至于原发性肾上腺功能不全,腹部MRI显示双侧肾上腺结节性增大,周边有高浓度晕轮,中心有低浓度。在激素实验室检测中,皮质醇、DHEA(脱氢表雄酮)和醛固酮水平低,ACTH(促肾上腺皮质激素)水平高,证实了原发性肾上腺功能不全。这些患者接受了“氢化可的松”作为激素替代疗法的治疗。
可能的机制
1)疫苗佐剂诱发的自身免疫/炎症综合征(ASIA)[36]。佐剂已被广泛用于人类疫苗中,以提高接种疫苗的免疫反应[37]。在遗传易感个体中,ASIA可能通过破坏宿主的免疫平衡,通过分子模拟,引发B淋巴细胞的多克隆激活或其它类似的致病机制而发病[38]。此前,有报道称1型糖尿病、原发性卵巢衰竭、肾上腺功能不全和甲状腺炎(主要是SAT)与人乳头瘤病毒、乙肝病毒和流感疫苗接种后的ASIA综合征有关[38, 39]。至于COVID-19疫苗,铝盐、乳剂、油、toll样受体、AS01B、mRNA疫苗的四种脂质和聚乙二醇可能会诱发易感人群的免疫反应 [39, 40]。
2)免疫系统过度刺激和分子模拟[27]。值得注意的是,甲状腺组织中的甲状腺过氧化物肽序列与SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白、核蛋白和膜蛋白相似[21, 41]。由于分子模拟,疫苗中改造后的SARS-CoV-2蛋白与甲状腺目标蛋白之间的交叉识别导致了自身免疫性甲状腺炎。大多数情况下,甲状腺炎的症状在接种疫苗后的头几天出现。一个可能的原因可能是病毒蛋白的浓度在疫苗接种后的几天内达到峰值,并引发了自身免疫[42, 43]。
3)系统性炎症反应和 "细胞因子风暴"[44, 45]。COVID-19疫苗接种后的短暂高血糖可能是由于全身炎症反应[46]或对疫苗成分的个性化反应,如腺病毒系统或编码的SARSCoV-2刺突蛋白免疫原、佐剂或佐剂赋形剂/杂质[30]。此外,SARSCoV-2可能通过ACE受体下调增加肾素-血管紧张素系统的激活,以此损害胰岛素受体信号 [48]。SARS-CoV-2诱导的促炎症细胞因子反应可能直接导致胰岛素受体信号传导受损和胰岛细胞损伤[49]。因此,SARS-CoV-2抗原呈现也表现出类似的反应是合理的。
临床医生应询问内分泌失调患者近期接种COVID-19疫苗的情况。COVID-19疫苗接种的总体好处超过了副作用的风险[50],尤其是在代谢风险较高的个体中。然而,如果这些表现确实反映了疫苗和内分泌改变之间的因果关系,那么对高危人群进行内分泌功能障碍的筛查可能是谨慎的。COVID-19疫苗对内分泌系统的相关并发症是否在内分泌疾病患者中更为常见?COVID-19疫苗的类型是否与内分泌病相关并发症的发展差异有关?这些尚未解决的问题需要进一步研究。
作者贡献 X.H.W.进行了文献综述,X.H.W.和Y.Z.进行了文献检索,并撰写了全部论文。
资金来源 这项工作得到了国家自然科学基金(81970714)、浙江省万人计划科技创新领军人才项目(2021R52022)和浙江省卫生创新人才项目的支持。
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