埃及最“老”金字塔即将开放!这个“王的男人”浮出水面(组图)
世界上最古老的金字塔马上要揭开神秘面纱了!埃及《独立报》报道,埃及古文物最高委员会秘书穆斯塔法·瓦兹里宣布,埃及历史最悠久的左塞尔阶梯金字塔,在完成修复工作后,将于2020年第一季度对外开放。
The Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mostafa Waziri announced that the Pyramid of Djoser, one of Egypt’s oldest pyramids, is set to open in the first quarter of 2020, following the finalization of the restoration work.
埃及《独立报》报道截图:埃及最古老的金字塔将于2020年首次对外开放
想象中的金字塔是这样↓↓
影片、游戏中的金字塔是这样↓↓
事实上,古埃及第一座金字塔是这样的↓↓
这座高62米的阶梯金字塔,拥有近4700年历史,是埃及第一座真正意义上的金字塔,而且也是世界上保存最好、最古老的大型石制纪念碑。
作为埃及旅游和文物部保护、复兴埃及历史遗迹项目的一部分,左塞尔金字塔的修复工作耗时巨大,从2006年首次启动以来,时隔将近14年,终于要完工了!
瓦兹里表示,“这是该部门实施的最重要的项目之一,因为它是世界上最古老的金字塔。”据悉,修复工作在2006年首次启动。
"This is one of the most important projects that have been implemented by the Ministry because it is the world's oldest pyramid," Waziri said, adding that the restoration work first launched in 2006.
埃及政府聘用英国工程师对这座金字塔的六级阶梯进行必要的翻新。项目负责人瓦德·阿布勒·埃拉介绍称,翻新工程包括修复金字塔的外立面、加固不稳定的石块、修复南侧和东侧入口以及金字塔内角。
The Egyptian government hired British engineers to work on all of the six-step pyramid's necessary renovations. The chairperson of the Projects Sector at the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Waad Abul Ela stated that refurbishments included restoring the pyramid's external façade, fixing rickety stones, restoring the steps at the southern and eastern entrance and the preparation of the pyramid’s internal corners.
目前,左塞尔金字塔正在安装新的照明系统,为颇受期待的首次开放做好准备。
Moreover, a new lighting system is currently being installed to prepare for the eagerly anticipated opening.
网友已经按捺不住激动的心情了:一定要去看看↓↓
也有网友的留言扎心了↓↓
@迪拜中阿卫视 官方微博太懂网友的心情了:机场的中文标识都给你们准备好了,还等什么?
左塞尔金字塔:一个革命性的想法,改变了人类历史进程
为什么阶梯金字塔的开放如此牵动国内外网友的心?CD君(ID:chinadailywx)要从这座金字塔的历史说起。
左塞尔金字塔是古埃及法老左塞尔的陵墓。
The pyramid was established as the tomb of the Pharaoh Djoser in the third Dynasty, 4,700 years ago.
古代历史百科全书网站介绍道,左塞尔是古埃及第三王朝(一般认为第三王朝处于公元前27世纪时期)的第一位法老,他也是第一个用石头建造金字塔的人。
左塞尔像 图源:古代历史百科全书网站历史学家玛格丽特·本生认为,左塞尔的统治见证了尼罗河文明的进步,当时,兴建土木、农业发展、贸易繁荣、城市兴起。
Historian Margaret Bunson writes that Djoser "ruled during an age witnessing advances in civilization on the Nile such as the construction of architectural monuments, agricultural developments, trade, and the rise of the cities".
在左塞尔统治之前,埃及墓室的惯用形式是马斯塔巴,也就是“石凳”的意思。马斯塔巴多用泥砖制成,呈矩形,分为墓穴和地上祭堂两部分。
Djoser (c. 2670 BCE) was the first king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt and the first to build in stone. Prior to Djoser's reign, mastaba tombs were the customary form for graves: rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick which covered underground passages where the deceased was entombed.
在左塞尔统治时期,他身边的权臣伊姆霍特普建议,为了彰显法老的功绩,需要建造一个宏伟的墓室。于是,他们想到用“叠罗汉”的方式,将6个马斯塔巴堆叠起来,底座最大,向上依次减小,形成了阶梯的形状。这就是著名的左塞尔阶梯金字塔。
For reasons which remain unclear, Djoser's vizier, Imhotep (c. 2667 BCE), conceived of building a more impressive tomb for his king by stacking mastabas on top of one another, progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the Step Pyramid.
左塞尔金字塔 图源:古代历史百科全书网站
考古学家安娜·塔瓦雷斯对英国《卫报》称,“建筑师们最开始用了一块马斯塔巴,他们发现马斯塔巴可以支撑住,然后他们就在这块马斯塔巴上放了另一块,马斯塔巴也支撑住了。于是他们就一块一块地放了上去。他们并不是因为某个想法而开始这些工作,这是随着建造过程而自然发展的。”
"They start with one [stone] mastaba, and they realise that it holds. So they build another [on top], and that holds. And so they build another mastaba on top of that. And so on. They don't set out with a specific idea – it evolved as the building went on."
《卫报》2015年报道截图:埃及4600年历史的左塞尔金字塔:50个建筑中的城市史
现如今,石头已经成了城市的鲜明特征。但是在那个年代,主要的建筑材料仍然是芦苇、泥砖和木头,当时的建筑技术也已经被人遗忘。阶梯金字塔是建筑师第一次利用石头建成的宏伟建筑。
Stone has become the defining feature of any city. But at that time buildings were largely made with reeds, mud-brick and wood, using what are now forgotten techniques. The step-pyramid was one of the first times architects dabbled with stone on such a monumental scale.
埃及演员奥玛·沙里夫在一段视频中谈到左塞尔金字塔的重要意义:它是“一条面向超越的上升通道,一个革命性的想法,改变了人类的历史进程。”
As the Egyptian actor Omar Sharif remarks in a video now shown at the site, Zoser’s pyramid “was this revolutionary idea that changed the course of human history”.
“王的男人”伊姆霍特普:左塞尔金字塔的实际设计者
《卫报》报道称,尽管左塞尔金字塔并没有为人所认可的设计师,但很多人都相信,伊姆霍特普可以当此殊荣,他的名字在金字塔入口附近的一座雕像上被人们发现。
No one was ever explicitly named as the pyramid’s designer, but the widely-held belief is that it was a man called Imhotep, whose name is found on a statue near the entrance to the pyramid.
伊姆霍特普能力超凡。记录显示,他不仅是法老身边的权臣,同样还是医生、大祭司、法老的首席木匠、首席雕塑师、副指挥官。他去世几年后,还曾被人们奉为神。
Imhotep's abilities appear to have been extraordinary: other records show he was a doctor and high priest, as well as the king's chief carpenter, head sculptor, and second-in-command. Years after his death, he was given the status of a god.
据记载,在左赛尔统治时期,曾出现过尼罗河水源不足的现象,埃及农业歉收,最终导致了饥馑的发生。埃及南部靠近尼罗河第一瀑布附近的塞黑勒岛的石碑上这样写道:“埃及正陷入极度的苦难之中。我们的粮仓空空如也,人们没有足够的食物来填饱肚皮,国库困顿……人们都气息奄奄,朝不虑夕。”面临这种严峻的考验,左赛尔心急如焚。这时,伊姆霍特普下令修建库努姆(Khnum)神庙,结果饥馑奇迹般地结束了。
主持埃及考察协会孟菲斯城研究的大卫·杰弗里认为,作为一个标志性的人物,伊姆霍特普不仅是一位建筑师,而且在早期是一个有权势的商人。不然他如何为了建造金字塔而在全国范围内安排和组织劳动力呢?
"Imhotep becomes himself an iconic figure, not only architect,but an early power merchant. How else could the labour for the pyramid be arranged and organised on a national scale?”
为了建造左塞尔金字塔,埃及不仅需要工人,还需要管理者和公务员。
To build Zoser's pyramid, Egypt needed not just workers, but managers and civil servants.
历史学家曾经认为,埃及的国家事务大多是由皇室处理。但是,在伊姆霍特普辅佐左塞尔统治的时期,情况开始发生了变化。
左塞尔金字塔所在的孟菲斯城不断扩张陵墓范围,这就使得皇室需要一个“更结构化的官僚体系,并且第一次面向社会公开招聘职业化的人才并择优录取”。
针对这一变化,《古埃及兴亡史》一书作者托比·威尔金森这样评价:“在埃及着手建造金字塔的同时,金字塔也在塑造埃及。”
In previous generations, historians think the royal family might have dealt with most of the country’s administration. But the expansion of Memphis’s burial grounds forced the creation of “a more structured bureaucracy, opened up, for the first time, to career professionals drawn from a wider section of society and promoted on merit”, writes Toby Wilkinson in The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. “As Egypt embarked on pyramid-building, the pyramids were building Egypt.”
左塞尔金字塔 图源:卫报网站
左塞尔金字塔周围的建筑同样迷人
左塞尔金字塔周边也分布着各式各样的建筑,包括神庙、庭院、神社以及祭祀的住所,占地面积16公顷。
The surrounding complex included a temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests covering an area of 40 acres (16 hectares).
左塞尔金字塔旁的神庙 图源:古代历史百科全书网站在金字塔南侧不远处,有一座著名的梅胡(Mehu)古墓。墓主梅胡是古埃及第六王朝的一位高级官员。与他一起葬在古墓中的还有他的儿子和孙子。
当地时间2018年9月8日,梅胡古墓对外开放参观,这是自1940年埃及古物学家扎基·萨阿德率领的埃及代表团发现这座陵墓以来,首次向游客展示。
梅胡古墓的壁画
梅胡古墓的墙壁上装饰着色彩斑斓的图画和铭文,它们记录了古埃及人的生活场景,包括打猎 、钓鱼、烹饪和跳舞。
梅胡古墓的壁画